Human Values Scale (ESS) – Appendix

Table A1

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Albania

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.15	.79	.50	.63	.51
Conformity	4.56	1.01	-.10	.80	.37
Tradition	4.91	.87	.25	.75	.37
Benevolence	5.23	.69	.57	.56	.61
Universalism	5.00	.66	.34	.53	.45
Self-Direction	4.69	.89	.04	.76	.37
Stimulation	3.76	1.26	-.89	1.10	.46
Hedonism	4.52	1.03	-.14	.81	.48
Achievement	4.65	.98	-.01	.74	.57
Power	3.89	1.24	-.76	1.04	.45

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,201.

Table A2

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Belgium

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.60	.88	.24	.75	.57
Conformity	4.16	.98	-.20	.86	.53
Tradition	4.48	.88	.12	.80	.37
Benevolence	5.11	.64	.75	.55	.59
Universalism	4.88	.65	.52	.56	.53
Self-Direction	4.64	.84	.28	.69	.43
Stimulation	3.74	1.13	-.62	.94	.65
Hedonism	4.41	.93	.05	.78	.62
Achievement	3.95	1.09	-.41	.85	.74
Power	3.37	.96	-.99	.79	.42

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,869.

Table A3

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Bulgaria

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.17	.84	.72	.70	.65
Conformity	4.59	1.05	.13	.92	.64
Tradition	4.71	.93	.25	.90	.46
Benevolence	5.08	.81	.63	.57	.68
Universalism	4.86	.83	.40	.63	.63
Self-Direction	4.28	1.19	-.18	.86	.65
Stimulation	3.60	1.30	-.86	.98	.72
Hedonism	3.66	1.40	-.80	1.13	.85
Achievement	4.66	1.07	.21	.70	.74
Power	3.74	1.14	-.71	.89	.46

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,260.

Table A4

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Cyprus

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.56	.61	.93	.58	.65
Conformity	4.11	1.00	-.51	1.02	.24
Tradition	4.93	.91	.31	.95	.55
Benevolence	5.35	.62	.73	.54	.52
Universalism	5.14	.71	.51	.61	.59
Self-Direction	5.02	.88	.39	.68	.58
Stimulation	3.77	1.39	-.86	1.13	.74
Hedonism	4.20	1.14	-.42	.89	.49
Achievement	4.24	1.29	-.38	1.00	.77
Power	3.65	1.15	-.97	.94	.43

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,116.

Table A5

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Czech Republic

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.76	1.02	.55	.80	.65
Conformity	4.26	.99	.05	.86	.57
Tradition	4.21	1.02	.00	.95	.53
Benevolence	4.54	.89	.33	.65	.55
Universalism	4.48	.83	.27	.61	.64
Self-Direction	4.55	.99	.33	.69	.63
Stimulation	3.53	1.21	-.69	1.03	.69
Hedonism	3.94	1.16	-.28	.96	.74
Achievement	3.87	1.16	-.34	.87	.71
Power	3.86	1.06	-.36	.83	.53

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,009.

Table A6

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Denmark

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.17	1.05	-.12	.90	.47
Conformity	4.25	1.07	-.03	.96	.59
Tradition	3.98	1.01	-.30	.94	.15
Benevolence	5.23	.68	.95	.59	.54
Universalism	4.83	.75	.55	.67	.50
Self-Direction	4.75	.90	.47	.78	.45
Stimulation	3.79	1.26	-.50	1.05	.75
Hedonism	4.44	1.02	.16	.81	.66
Achievement	3.77	1.15	-.52	.94	.69
Power	3.32	1.01	-.96	.85	.44

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,650.

Table A7

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Estonia

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.72	.93	.62	.79	.54
Conformity	4.11	.97	.01	.94	.21
Tradition	4.79	.75	.69	.63	.56
Benevolence	4.73	.72	.63	.61	.51
Universalism	4.39	.94	.29	.76	.42
Self-Direction	3.46	1.20	-.64	.98	.63
Stimulation	3.70	1.14	-.40	.94	.63
Hedonism	3.63	1.16	-.47	.91	.69
Achievement	3.08	1.07	-1.03	.91	.49
Power	3.32	1.01	-.96	.85	.44

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,380.

Table A8

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Finland

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.55	.97	.39	.83	.49
Conformity	4.07	1.12	-.09	.98	.62
Tradition	4.07	1.01	-.09	.92	.33
Benevolence	5.04	.72	.88	.62	.58
Universalism	4.96	.73	.80	.65	.60
Self-Direction	4.60	.84	.44	.75	.28
Stimulation	3.66	1.18	-.50	1.01	.69
Hedonism	4.04	1.12	-.12	.93	.75
Achievement	3.40	1.18	-.76	.97	.74
Power	2.82	.99	-1.34	.85	.46

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,197.

Table A9

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – France

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.54	1.07	.47	.85	.56
Conformity	3.69	1.13	-.37	.94	.47
Tradition	4.12	1.05	.05	.90	.28
Benevolence	4.89	.90	.82	.72	.64
Universalism	4.85	.81	.78	.66	.56
Self-Direction	4.42	1.00	.35	.85	.34
Stimulation	3.40	1.19	-.66	.98	.57
Hedonism	4.28	1.08	.21	.89	.64
Achievement	3.32	1.20	-.75	.98	.65
Power	2.78	1.01	-1.29	.86	.34

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,968.

Table A10

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Hungary

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.15	.84	.62	.70	.59
Conformity	4.19	1.04	-.34	.89	.48
Tradition	4.48	1.00	-.05	.88	.52
Benevolence	4.97	.84	.44	.61	.65
Universalism	4.92	.75	.39	.56	.57
Self-Direction	4.71	.93	.18	.68	.54
Stimulation	3.79	1.20	-.74	.98	.61
Hedonism	4.54	.95	.00	.69	.62
Achievement	4.40	1.06	-.13	.76	.73
Power	3.95	1.07	-.58	.86	.43

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,014.

Table A11

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Iceland

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.22	1.07	.11	.93	.46
Conformity	3.54	1.10	-.56	1.00	.51
Tradition	3.93	.99	-.17	.91	.17
Benevolence	5.21	.71	1.11	.58	.63
Universalism	4.81	.78	.71	.69	.57
Self-Direction	4.55	.95	.45	.81	.45
Stimulation	3.74	1.24	-.36	1.05	.74
Hedonism	4.29	.92	.19	.74	.50
Achievement	3.30	1.21	-.81	.99	.79
Power	3.05	.96	-1.06	.81	.38

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 752.

Table A12

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Ireland

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.88	.94	.54	.76	.62
Conformity	4.09	1.11	-.26	.93	.63
Tradition	4.34	1.03	-.01	.89	.45
Benevolence	5.04	.81	.69	.64	.70
Universalism	4.85	.80	.50	.60	.65
Self-Direction	4.74	.85	.40	.67	.38
Stimulation	3.80	1.18	-.55	.97	.63
Hedonism	3.79	1.17	-.56	.97	.71
Achievement	4.07	1.09	-.28	.83	.67
Power	3.62	1.02	-.72	.84	.33

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,628.

Table A13

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Israel

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.99	.95	.49	.74	.56
Conformity	4.38	1.11	-.12	.92	.60
Tradition	4.42	1.21	-.08	.99	.52
Benevolence	5.03	.87	.53	.68	.60
Universalism	4.72	.87	.23	.65	.56
Self-Direction	4.73	.98	.23	.74	.48
Stimulation	3.74	1.34	-.76	1.08	.66
Hedonism	4.35	1.17	-.15	.88	.70
Achievement	4.65	1.07	.15	.75	.66
Power	3.84	1.16	-.65	.93	.48

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,376.

Table A14

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Italy

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.08	.94	.54	.76	.63
Conformity	4.42	1.06	-.12	.94	.42
Tradition	4.86	.92	.32	.84	.41
Benevolence	5.14	.78	.61	.62	.67
Universalism	5.18	.70	.64	.60	.56
Self-Direction	4.85	.92	.31	.72	.39
Stimulation	3.81	1.11	-.72	.91	.41
Hedonism	3.68	1.29	-.86	1.09	.72
Achievement	4.48	1.13	-.06	.85	.70
Power	3.53	1.07	-1.01	.91	.38

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 960.

Table A15

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Kosovo

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.53	.64	.56	.59	.61
Conformity	4.94	.93	-.02	.74	.38
Tradition	5.22	.76	.26	.63	.35
Benevolence	5.48	.61	.52	.51	.59
Universalism	5.27	.67	.31	.53	.50
Self-Direction	5.09	.85	.13	.62	.56
Stimulation	4.17	1.22	-.79	.93	.49
Hedonism	4.06	1.35	-.90	1.08	.59
Achievement	5.20	.86	.24	.58	.66
Power	4.41	1.22	-.55	.98	.55

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,295.

Table A16

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Lithuania

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.66	.99	.67	.80	.74
Conformity	3.71	1.02	-.29	.83	.56
Tradition	3.98	.96	-.01	.98	.46
Benevolence	4.13	.93	.14	.66	.62
Universalism	4.13	.87	.13	.58	.62
Self-Direction	4.18	1.09	.19	.71	.63
Stimulation	3.44	1.25	-.56	.97	.76
Hedonism	3.61	1.25	-.38	.94	.77
Achievement	4.07	1.12	.08	.69	.75
Power	3.97	1.04	-.02	.71	.51

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,109.

Table A17

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Netherlands

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.35	.91	.09	.76	.57
Conformity	4.13	1.00	-.12	.84	.62
Tradition	4.02	.98	-.23	.89	.41
Benevolence	4.92	.72	.67	.58	.60
Universalism	4.79	.69	.54	.59	.57
Self-Direction	4.78	.84	.53	.67	.48
Stimulation	3.83	1.11	-.42	.91	.72
Hedonism	4.28	.93	.03	.74	.57
Achievement	3.88	1.08	-.37	.84	.76
Power	3.26	.93	-.99	.78	.47

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,845.

Table A18

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Norway

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.22	1.05	.10	.86	.52
Conformity	4.36	1.02	.24	.89	.63
Tradition	3.87	.99	-.26	.91	.19
Benevolence	4.98	.72	.86	.58	.52
Universalism	4.67	.77	.55	.64	.54
Self-Direction	4.58	.86	.46	.77	.38
Stimulation	3.57	1.17	-.55	.97	.69
Hedonism	3.93	1.05	-.19	.85	.65
Achievement	3.63	1.07	-.49	.84	.66
Power	3.12	.91	-1.00	.76	.39

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,624.

Table A19

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Poland

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.05	.83	.63	.70	.56
Conformity	4.67	.91	.26	.80	.60
Tradition	4.65	.89	.24	.85	.45
Benevolence	4.96	.73	.55	.58	.62
Universalism	4.98	.66	.57	.54	.54
Self-Direction	4.59	.92	.17	.75	.44
Stimulation	3.61	1.18	-.80	.94	.58
Hedonism	3.41	1.32	-1.01	1.09	.79
Achievement	4.14	1.09	-.27	.82	.67
Power	3.76	1.05	-.66	.88	.43

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,889.

Table A20

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Portugal

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.67	.86	.52	.63	.67
Conformity	3.98	.94	-.17	.80	.61
Tradition	4.26	.89	.12	.77	.55
Benevolence	4.63	.80	.48	.59	.72
Universalism	4.54	.71	.39	.45	.61
Self-Direction	4.40	.82	.26	.56	.57
Stimulation	3.35	1.03	-.79	.83	.61
Hedonism	3.83	1.00	-.32	.78	.70
Achievement	4.12	.92	-.02	.64	.69
Power	3.46	.92	-.68	.72	.38

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,151.

Table A21

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Russian Federation

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.91	.98	.55	.81	.68
Conformity	4.29	1.07	-.07	.88	.54
Tradition	4.46	1.03	.10	.87	.43
Benevolence	4.73	.94	.36	.70	.64
Universalism	4.67	.86	.30	.62	.61
Self-Direction	4.52	.98	.16	.71	.44
Stimulation	3.56	1.27	-.80	1.07	.68
Hedonism	3.86	1.26	-.51	1.02	.71
Achievement	4.27	1.16	-.10	.84	.73
Power	4.20	1.05	-.16	.81	.41

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,484.

Table A22

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Slovakia

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.11	.81	.63	.67	.62
Conformity	4.67	.87	.19	.75	.57
Tradition	4.68	.92	.20	.90	.64
Benevolence	4.75	.76	.27	.66	.64
Universalism	4.83	.73	.35	.59	.65
Self-Direction	4.75	.94	.28	.64	.62
Stimulation	3.71	1.19	-.77	.94	.69
Hedonism	3.76	1.27	-.72	1.00	.74
Achievement	4.29	1.05	-.18	.74	.72
Power	4.05	1.08	-.43	.80	.63

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,847.

Table A23

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Slovenia

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	5.25	.74	.60	.69	.56
Conformity	4.44	.94	-.21	.87	.31
Tradition	4.88	.84	.23	.79	.37
Benevolence	5.09	.69	.43	.53	.52
Universalism	5.18	.59	.53	.51	.43
Self-Direction	4.88	.84	.23	.63	.45
Stimulation	3.87	1.16	-.78	.93	.58
Hedonism	4.42	1.03	-.23	.83	.52
Achievement	4.53	1.02	-.12	.76	.69
Power	3.70	.92	-.95	.76	.29

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,257.

Table A24

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Spain

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.97	.94	.60	.81	.58
Conformity	4.28	1.10	-.10	.96	.49
Tradition	4.69	.93	.32	.87	.28
Benevolence	5.28	.66	.91	.60	.58
Universalism	5.16	.65	.79	.59	.57
Self-Direction	4.77	.96	.40	.79	.48
Stimulation	3.50	1.24	-.87	1.05	.59
Hedonism	3.98	1.25	-.39	1.04	.70
Achievement	3.66	1.22	-.72	.96	.66
Power	3.04	1.11	-1.33	.93	.40

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,889.

Table A25

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Sweden

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.12	1.09	-.06	.87	.46
Conformity	3.88	1.23	-.30	1.02	.65
Tradition	4.13	1.01	-.05	.88	.28
Benevolence	5.12	.73	.94	.58	.65
Universalism	4.90	.77	.72	.66	.60
Self-Direction	4.72	.90	.54	.75	.44
Stimulation	3.64	1.17	-.53	.98	.65
Hedonism	4.26	1.04	.08	.85	.63
Achievement	3.46	1.21	-.72	.94	.75
Power	3.21	1.00	-.97	.80	.40

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,847.

Table A26

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Switzerland

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.75	.94	.28	.77	.52
Conformity	3.95	1.10	-.52	.94	.46
Tradition	4.41	.93	-.06	.86	.28
Benevolence	5.24	.62	.77	.53	.54
Universalism	5.05	.66	.59	.63	.52
Self-Direction	5.02	.75	.55	.69	.39
Stimulation	3.78	1.15	-.68	1.00	.61
Hedonism	4.55	.96	.08	.79	.65
Achievement	4.10	1.12	-.37	.87	.66
Power	3.51	1.03	-.95	.84	.45

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 1,493.

Table A27

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – Ukraine

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.75	1.13	.65	.89	.67
Conformity	4.17	1.11	.06	.87	.58
Tradition	4.09	1.09	-.02	1.00	.38
Benevolence	4.52	1.03	.42	.74	.64
Universalism	4.48	.98	.37	.65	.65
Self-Direction	4.11	1.17	.00	.87	.45
Stimulation	3.41	1.25	-.69	1.03	.54
Hedonism	3.49	1.29	-.61	1.08	.68
Achievement	3.87	1.23	-.23	.88	.67
Power	3.94	1.14	-.17	.82	.42

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,178.

Table A28

Reference values and reliability of the Human Values Scale – United Kingdom

	Raw scores		Centered scores
Dimension	M	SD	M	SD	Cronbach’s α
Security	4.80	.94	.48	.76	.54
Conformity	4.18	1.14	-.14	.98	.62
Tradition	4.34	1.01	.02	.88	.26
Benevolence	5.13	.73	.81	.63	.60
Universalism	4.86	.75	.54	.64	.53
Self-Direction	4.68	.91	.37	.75	.36
Stimulation	3.70	1.20	-.62	.99	.67
Hedonism	3.89	1.16	-.43	.94	.65
Achievement	3.96	1.18	-.36	.93	.72
Power	3.36	1.06	-.96	.89	.39

Note. Observations were weighted based on design weights and items were recoded before the analysis, 1 = “Not like me at all” to 6 = “Very much like me”, N = 2,286.